Iron Deficiency Anaemia in Children: Signs, Causes, and Treatment

Does your child look pale, tire easily, or always seem low on energy? Do they eat poorly or crave unusual things like mud or chalk? These could be signs of iron deficiency anaemia — one of the most common and most underdiagnosed nutritional problems in Indian children.

Why Is Iron Deficiency So Common in India?

Iron deficiency anaemia affects an estimated 50–70% of Indian children under 5. The main reasons are: low iron in many Indian diets (especially vegetarian diets), poor absorption, rapid growth demands in infancy and adolescence, and frequent infections.

Signs and Symptoms of Iron Deficiency Anaemia

• Pale skin, inner eyelids, gums, and tongue
• Fatigue and low energy — the child tires quickly during play
• Reduced appetite
• Pica — craving to eat unusual things like mud, chalk, raw rice, paper, or clay
• Poor school performance — iron is essential for brain development and concentration
• Frequent infections — iron deficiency weakens the immune system
• Rapid heartbeat or breathlessness with mild exertion (severe anaemia)

Diagnosis

A simple blood test (CBC — Complete Blood Count) shows haemoglobin level. Iron studies (serum ferritin, serum iron, TIBC) confirm whether iron is the cause of anaemia. Normal haemoglobin in children varies by age — the paediatrician will interpret results in context.

Treatment

• Iron supplementation: The mainstay of treatment. Oral iron syrup or drops for young children, tablets for older children. Usually given for 3–6 months. Iron should be taken on an empty stomach or with Vitamin C (lemon juice) for best absorption.
• Dietary sources of iron: Green leafy vegetables (spinach, methi), lentils, beans, rajma, dark chicken meat, eggs, fortified cereals. Pair with Vitamin C-rich foods to increase absorption.
• Reduce tea consumption: Tea given with or after meals significantly reduces iron absorption. Many Indian families give tea to toddlers — this is harmful.

"Iron is crucial not just for haemoglobin but for brain development. A child who is iron-deficient in the first 2 years of life may experience lasting effects on learning and behaviour — even after the anaemia is corrected. Early detection and treatment matter."

Dr. Sushma B provides paediatric nutrition and growth consultations at Sri Anand Child and Neuro Center, Chanda Nagar. Call +91 90633 66983.